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A "secondary city" often follows after a primate city and can be seen in the urban hierarchy. Secondary cities have between “500,000 to 3 million inhabitants, but are often unknown outside of their national or regional context. Secondary cities in the Global South will undergo massive expansions in the next few decades, comparable to city growth in Europe and North America one to two hundred years ago. As cities and their populations grow, everything else grows with them: wealth and creativity, as well as traffic, criminality, disease and pollution.”〔Alfredo Brillembourg & Hubert Klumpner, "(Gran Horizonte: Taking a Walk in the Urban Planet )", Network City and Landscape. Accessed September 14, 2014〕 "A secondary city is largely determined by population, size, function, and economic status. Commonly, secondary cities are geographically defined urban jurisdictions or centres performing vital governance, logistical, and production functions at a sub-national or sub-metropolitan region level within a system of cities in a country. In some cases, their role and functions may expand to a geographic region ot the global realm. The population of secondary-cities range between 10 and 50% of a country's largest city, although some can be smaller than this. They will likely constitute a sub-national or sub-metropolitan second-tier level of government, acting as centres for public administration and delivery of education, knowledge, health, community, and security services; an industrial centre or development growth pole; a new national capital; or a large city making up a cluster of smaller cities in a large metropolitan region."〔Roberts B. and Hohmann R. (2014), (The Systems of Secondary Cities - The neglected drivers of urbanizing economies ), CIVIS #7, Cities Alliance: Brussels〕 Furthermore, secondary cities “usually form more recent poles of growth, often also with a more diffuse genealogy, than larger metropoles. The ambivalent situation of these towns (in the periphery of the center and in the center of the periphery, in so far as these notions still retain their meaning) generates a particular, and by definition highly hybrid, socio-cultural urban dynamic which in turn influences the outlook of social, political and economic life in the more visible national metropoles.”〔Ann Cassiman, Filip De Boeck, Steven Van Wolputte,(2009, September), ''Recentering the City: An Anthropology of Secondary Cities in Africa.'' Institute for Anthropological Research in Africa (IARA), University of Leuven, Belgium.〕 Secondary cities have their own socio-economic and political culture that may differ from other cities such as Primate cites. Moreover, in the secondary city (and more generally in the margin of the state) there often is more room for improvisation. Local commerce, trading routes and smuggling networks determine the economic sphere in important ways; local forms of associational life (the middle ground of ‘civil society’) has a far greater influence on local politics than is the case in larger urban centers, and the functioning of local, decentralized political authorities is often shaped and cross-cut to a far greater extent by constantly shifting alliances between local stakeholders.”〔Dennis A. Rondinelli, "Dynamics of Growth of Secondary Cities in Developing Countries". In ''Geographical Review'', American Geographical Society, Vol. 73, No. 1 (Jan., 1983), pp. 42-57. 〕 ==Significance== According to UN-HABITAT, "slum population now expands annually by 25 million. In 1950 there were 86 cities in the world with a population over one million, today there are 400, and by 2015, there will be at least 550."〔UN Population Division,''(World urbanization prospects )'', 2007 Revision, New York 2002.〕 Moreover, cities have absorbed nearly two-thirds of the global population explosion since 1950 and are currently growing by a million babies and migrants each week.〔''Population information program, population reports: meeting the urban challenge,'' Vol. xxx, No. 4, fall 2002, p. 1.〕 Consequently, countries like India are developing secondary cities to absorb informals—as India's chief economic planner, Montek singh Ahluwalia in 2007, observes: "One hundred million people are moving to cities in the next 10 years, and it’s important that these 100 million are absorbed into second-tier cities instead of showing up in Delhi or Mumbai."〔Anand Giridharadas,"(Second Tier’ City to Rise Fast Under India’s Urban Plan )", New York Times, May 13, 2007. Accessed September 14, 2014〕 In Latin America, where primary cities long monopolized growth, secondary cities like Tijuana, Curitiba, Temuco, Salvador and Belem are now booming, "with the fastest growth of all occurring cities with between 100,000 and 500,000 inhabitants."〔Miguel villa and Jorge Rodriguez, "Demographic trends in Latin America’s metropolises,1950-1990", in Alan Gilbert, ''The mega-city in Latin America'', Tokyo 1996, pp. 33-34〕 Furthermore, China "may still be under the radar for many westerners but China's second and third-level cities will rise in profile over the next few years."〔The Travel and Expense News Source, ("Special Report: China's Secondary Cities" ), February 2, 2013. Accessed September 14, 2014〕 New city developments by governments and other organizations are now focusing on secondary cities. Sociologist Saskia Sassen suggests that “small cities can be a global platform for companies' global expansion.”〔"(World's Next Great Cities )", Forbes, October 23, 2010. Accessed September 14, 2014〕 Also in China, "()he world's top hotel companies are clambering to open properties in China's second- and third-tier cities across all their brands. The sheer size of even tertiary cities, coupled with the growth in domestic travel and the potential gains of modern, international meeting facilities, has led to hotel development at unprecedented levels."〔(Big Hotel openings in China's Secondary Cities ), CEI Asia, July 12, 2012. Accessed September 14, 2014〕 These new developments are tying to integrate secondary cities into the global and local economy as well from the examples that are seen from China. Another development is that China Eastern Airlines has increased its number of flights to secondary cities in China.〔(China Eastern links secondary Chinese cities ), ''Business Traveller'', November 18, 2012〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Secondary city」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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